Entry of HIV in primary human resting CD4(+) T cells pretreated with the chemokine CCL19.

Resting CD4 + T cells latently infected with HIV are a major barrier to a cure and therefore antiretroviral therapy is required life-long. There are two major potential pathways leading to the establishment of latency. One pathway, which we refer to as postactivation latency, occurs with the reversion of an activated infected CD4 + T cell to the resting memory state with an integrated silenced provirus. The other pathway, preactivation latency, occurs via direct infection of resting CD4 + T cells. The relative contribution in vivo of preactivation and postactivation latency is unclear, but latency can be established in vitro via both pathways. FIG. 1. Fused HIV in the cytoplasm of CCL19-treated resting CD4 + T cells. Resting CD4 + T cells pretreated with 30 nM CCL19 were infected for 2 h with HIV dual labeled with GFPVpr (yellow) and S15tomato (majenta). Fixed cells were stained for F-actin using Alexa Fluor 350.phalloidin (cyan) and imaged on a DeltaVision microscope (100 · ). Fused HIV complexes (GFPVpr + S15tomato ) that have penetrated past cortical F-actin at the cell periphery into the cytoplasm are shown in a deconvolved z section of CCL19 cells.